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Lazarus taxon
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In , a Lazarus taxon (plural taxa) is a that disappears for one or more periods from the , only to appear again either in later fossil records, or as actual living organisms, and often in isolated, obscure, or otherwise very specialized habitats. Likewise in conservation biology and , it can refer to species or populations that were mistakenly thought to be extinct, and are rediscovered to be still living. The term Lazarus taxon was coined by Karl W. Flessa and in 1983 and was then expanded by Jablonski in 1986. and defined Lazarus taxa as, "At times of biotic crisis many taxa go extinct, but others only temporarily disappeared from the fossil record, often for intervals measured in millions of years, before reappearing unchanged". Earlier work also supports the concept though without using the name Lazarus taxon, like work by Christopher R. C. Paul.

(1998). 9780471969884, John Wiley.

The term refers to the story in the Christian biblical Gospel of John, in which raised Lazarus from the dead.

Potential explanations
Lazarus taxa are observational artifacts that appear to occur either because of (local) , later resupplied, or as a sampling artifact. The record is inherently sporadic (only a very small fraction of organisms become fossilized, and an even smaller fraction are discovered before destruction) and contains gaps not necessarily caused by extinction, particularly when the number of individuals in a taxon is very low.

After , such as the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the Lazarus effect occurred for many taxa. However, there appears to be no link with the abundance of fossiliferous sites and the proportion of Lazarus taxa, and no missing taxa have been found in potential refuges. Therefore, reappearance of Lazarus taxa probably reflects the rebound after a period of extreme rarity during the aftermath of such extinctions.

Related but distinct concepts
An is a look-alike that has supplanted an extinct taxon through convergent evolution.

A is a taxon that contains specimens that have been collected from strata younger than the extinction of the taxon. Later such fossils turn out to be freed from the original seam and refossilized in a younger sediment. For example, a that gets eroded out of its Cambrian-aged limestone matrix, and into -aged siltstone.

A is a pronounced gap in time for the fossil record of a group, indicating that the group continued evolving throughout the gap, without direct fossil evidence from within the gap. Lazarus taxa are a type of ghost lineage where extinction was originally assumed to occur within the gap, only for younger fossils or surviving members of the group to indicate otherwise.

A is an that appears to have changed so little compared with fossil remains, that it is considered identical. Living fossils may occur regularly in the fossil record, such as the lampshell Lingula, though the living species in this genus are not identical to fossil .

Other living fossils however are also Lazarus taxa if these have been missing from the fossil record for substantial periods of time, such as applies for .

In , divergent clades of genomic elements from presumably extinct viruses are often known only from host genomes. However, in some cases extant viruses have later been associated with these "fossil" elements, indicating Lazarus-like taxa. For example, a clade of paleoviruses from presumed extinct filoviruses found in shrews was later found to contain an extant filovirus (Tapajós virus, TAPV).

Finally, the term "Lazarus species" is applied to organisms that have been rediscovered as being still alive after having been widely considered extinct for years, without ever having appeared in the fossil record. In this last case, the term Lazarus taxon is applied in .

Reappearing fossil taxa
From Quaternary (2.6 to 0 million years ago)
  • ( Speothos venaticus), last surviving species of the genus ; first described as an extinct taxon in 1842 by Peter Wilhelm Lund, based on fossils uncovered from caves; Lund found and described living specimens in 1843 without realizing they were of the same species as the fossils, dubbing the living bush dogs as members of the genus " Icticyon"; this was not corrected until some time in the 20th century.. Ben G Thomas. 25 February 2018; 0:32
  • ( Catagonus wagneri), last surviving species of the genus Catagonus; believed to be the closest living relative to the extinct genus Platygonus. First described as extinct in 1930 as fossils; live specimens found in 1974.
  • False killer whale, first described by the British paleontologist and biologist Richard Owen based on a skull discovered in 1843 found in Stamford, Lincolnshire in England and dated to the Middle Pleistocene around 126,000 years ago. The first carcasses washed up on the shores of Kiel Bay in Denmark in 1861; until this point the species was thought to be extinct.
  • Bulmer's fruit bat ( Aproteles bulmerae), originally described from a Pleistocene garbage pile, it was subsequently discovered alive elsewhere in its native New Guinea.
  • The arboreal ( spp.), which were originally described based on a single species ( Cuscomys oblativus) known only from archaeological remains discovered in ancient tombs described in 1912 and believed to be extinct for almost a century. A second species ( Cuscomys ashaninka) was discovered alive in Peru in 1999, and photographs taken at in 2009 suggest that C. oblativus is still alive as well.
  • Majorcan midwife toad ( Alytes muletensis), in the family Alytidae, described from fossil remains in 1977, discovered alive in 1979.
  • , a small of family ; originally documented in 1937 from fossil specimens near , then living specimens discovered in 2018 on the coast of Santa Barbara.
  • Mountain pygmy possum ( Burramys parvus), first discovered in the fossil record in 1895; rediscovered alive in 1966.
  • Calliostoma bullatum, a species of deepwater ; originally described in 1844 from fossil specimens in -related sediments from southern , until extant individuals were described in 2019 from deep-water coral reefs off the coast of .

From Neogene (23 to 2.6 million years ago)
  • Nightcap oak ( Eidothea hardeniana and Eidothea zoexylocarya), representing a genus previously known only from fossils 15 to 20 million years old, were recognized in 2000 and 1995,
    (2025). 9780731367818, Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). .
    respectively.
  • , a genus of thought to have gone extinct 15–20 million years ago was found in , , and and redescribed in 2006.
  • Laotian rock rat ( Laonastes aenigmamus), a member of a family () thought to have gone extinct 11 million years ago; found in 1996.
  • Monito del monte ( Dromiciops), sole surviving member of the order Microbiotheria; first described in 1894, thought to have gone extinct 11 million years ago.
  • , a genus of originally known from a single fossil species ( S. petersbuchensis) described in 2003 from the of , about 11 to 16 million years ago. In 2015, a phylogenetic analysis of bats from and found three species previously classified in ( M. caliginosus, M. latirostris, and M. moupinensis) to be wholly distinct from any other member of Myotis, and instead more closely allied to the fossil Submyotodon, and thus reclassified them in Submyotodon, making the genus extant once more.
  • ( Metasequoia), a genus of , described as a fossil in 1941, rediscovered alive in 1944.
  • ( Wollemia), a genus of coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae; previously known only from fossils from 2 to 90 million years ago, rediscovered in 1994.

From Paleogene (66 to 23 million years ago)
  • , a fish from southern Brazil, was originally described from well-preserved fossil remains from the late in 1929. In 1998, the extant fish " Moojenichthys" myersi, described in 1956, was identified as belonging to the same genus as the fossil Lignobrycon.

From Cretaceous (145 to 66 million years ago)
  • ( Latimeria), a member of a subclass () thought to have gone extinct 66 million years ago; live specimens found in 1938.
  • , a genus of fly, originally discovered as a fossil in amber over 100 million years old in 1999, living species found in Namibia in 2010.

From Devonian (419 to 359 million years ago)
  • , a class of believed to have gone extinct in the middle Period (c. 380 million years ago) until living members were discovered in deep water off Costa Rica in 1952.

From Cambrian (539 to 485 million years ago)
  • Schinderhannes bartelsi, an extinct Devonian member of the order . The discovery of its fossils in Devonian was astonishing because previously, radiodonts were known only from the , 100 million years earlier.
  • It was discovered that the living genus is an extant , which was previously known from the through the Lower Carboniferous.

Reappearing IUCN red list species
Plants
  • Afrothismia pachyantha, in the family ; first discovered in 1905, rediscovered in 1995.
  • Stenostomum tomentosum (syn. Antirhea tomentosa), in the family ; first discovered in 1780, rediscovered in 1975.
  • Asplundia clementinae, a species of plant in the family .
  • Astragalus nitidiflorus
  • Badula platyphylla, a species of plant in the family .
  • Blunt chaff flower ( Achyranthes mutica), a species of plant in the family .
  • Bulbophyllum filiforme, a species of plant in the family ; first botanically described in 1895.
  • Bulbostylis neglecta, an endemic member of the family ; first collected in 1806, rediscovered in 2008.
  • Café marron ( Ramosmania rodriguesii), thought extinct in the 1950s, but rediscovered in 1980.
  • , in the family ; discovered in the 19th century, rediscovered in 2003.
  • Climbing alsinidendron ( Alsinidendron viscosum), in the family .
  • Coffea stenophylla
  • , in the ; rediscovered in 1992.
  • , in the bellflower family.
  • Pygmy goosefoot ( Dysphania pusilla), thought extinct since 1959, but rediscovered in 2015.
  • Eidothea hardeniana (Nightcap oak)
  • , a species of plant in the family .
  • , a plant from the genus , in the family ; thought extinct since 1904, rediscovered 2008.
  • Franciscan manzanita ( Arctostaphylos hookeri), thought to be extinct in the wild since 1942, rediscovered in 2009.
  • Furbish's lousewort ( Pedicularis furbishiae), Canadian species identified as an extinct species in 1880, rediscovered in the 1970s.
  • Hibiscadelphus woodii, a species of flowering plant in the family , declared extinct in 2016, and rediscovered three years later.
  • ( Medusagyne oppositifolia), the only member of the genus Medusagyne, of the family ; thought extinct until 1970.
  • Mammillaria schwarzii, a species of plant in the family ; thought to be extinct for some time, until rediscovered in 1987.
  • Ligusticum albanicum
  • in the family , it is the only species in the genus Medemia.
  • (Dawn redwood)
  • Mount Diablo buckwheat ( Eriogonom truncatum), in the family ; thought to be extinct around 1935, but found again in 2005, then again in 2016.
  • Madhuca diplostemon, a tree in the family ; first collected in 1835, rediscovered in 2019.
  • (Ilex sapiiformis), native to the of and not seen since 1837; rediscovered in Igarassu, Pernambuco in 2023.
  • Pittosporum tanianum, a species of plant in the family .
  • Ranunculus mutinensis
  • Rhaphidospora cavernarum, a plant species in the family ; thought to be extinct since 1873, but relocated in 2008.
  • She cabbage tree ( Lachanodes arborea) a small tree in the family .
  • Sicilian fir ( Abies nebrodensis), in the family .
  • Takhtajania perrieri, a genus of flowering plants in the family ; first collected in 1909, rediscovered, and reclassified multiple times between 1963 and 1997.
  • Turbinicarpus gielsdorfianus, a species of plant in the family Cactaceae.
  • ( Betula uber), a rare species of tree in the family; first discovered in 1914, thought to be extinct until 1975
  • ( Nepenthes mollisr), a rare species of ; last seen in 1918, until it rediscovery in 2019
  • Yellow fatu ( Abutilon pitcairnense), a species of plant in the family . The plant was once considered extinct until 2003.
  • York groundsel, a native to , England that disappeared by 2000, seeds were rediscovered in the Millenium Seed Bank and were replanted in 2023.

Cultivars
  • Judean date palm, a distinct cultivar of date palm that disappeared around the 14th century, seeds dated from between 155 BC to 64 AD were found in the 1960s and were replanted in 2005.
  • , a common commercial plant in the 19th century that disappeared in the 1920s but was rediscovered after a couple of generations in a in 1996, replanted in 2024.

Fungi
  • Big puma fungus (Austroomphaliaster nahuelbutensis), seen once in the wild in in the 1980s, rediscovered in 2023.

Sponges

Annelids
  • Hirudobdella antipodum ( antipodum), a species of endemic to Open Bay Islands of . The species was thought to have gone extinct in 1969 due to the introduced until its rediscovery in 1987.
    (1997). 9780478019322, Department of Conservation. .
  • Giant Palouse earthworm ( americanus), a species of belonging to the genus Driloleirus; thought extinct in the 1980s, but found again in 2006."APNewsBreak: Idaho Scientists Find Fabled Worm," The New York Times, 27 April 2010.

Insects
  • Appalachian grasshopper ( Appalachia hebardi), last seen in 1946 before being rediscovered in 2024 in .
  • Bone skipper fly ( Thyreophora cynophila), last seen in 1850 before being photographed in Spain in 2009.Miguel Carles-Tolrá, Pablo C. Rodríguez & Julio Verdú (2010). "Thyreophora cynophila (Panzer, 1794): collected in Spain 160 years after it was thought to be extinct (Diptera: Piophilidae: Thyreophorini)". Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.) 46: 1–7.
  • Canterbury knobbed weevil ( Hadramphus tuberculatus), last seen in 1922 until it was rediscovered in 2004.
  • Cloaked bee ( Hylaeus lactiferus), believed to be extinct in 1923 until it was rediscovered in 2018.
  • ( Nothomyrmecia macrops), a rare genus of ants consisting of a single species, discovered in 1931, not seen again until 1977.
  • Leichhardt's grasshopper ( Petasida ephippigera), thought to be extinct from 1900 until 1971, when a single male specimen was spotted, followed by a breeding pair shortly afterwards.
  • , a species of discovered in 1924. Only a single male specimen was collected during the discovery. The species was feared extinct until 2020 where it was rediscovered.
  • Lord Howe Island stick insect ( Dryococelus australis), thought to be extinct by 1920, rediscovered in 2001.
  • ( Eyprepocprifas insularis), only known from a single specimen collected in 1980 and declared extinct in 1996, rediscovered in 2023.
  • Pitt Island longhorn beetle ( Xylotoles costatus), last seen on in 1910, and found again on a nearby island in the in 1987.
    (1996). 9780478018332, Dept. of Conservation. .
  • Schizodactylus inexspectatus, a dune-inhabiting cricket from , known from a single specimen seen in 1901 and presumed extinct until it was found again in 2005.
  • , the world's largest . Not seen after 1858, when it was first collected, until it was rediscovered in 1981, and thought to be extinct again until 2019.

Crustaceans
  • Short-tailed rain crayfish ( Ombrastacoides parvicaudatus)
  • (Afrithelphusa leonensis), recorded from three specimens in in 1955, and (Afrithelphusa afzelii), recorded from two specimens from before 1800 in Sierra Leone, both rediscovered in 2021 by biologist Pierre Mvogo Ndongo.

Arachnids
  • Alopecosa fabrilis
  • (Nemesia berlandi), first recorded from two specimens in 1931 in , rediscovered in 2023.
  • Orphnaecus pellitus, first recorded in 1892, not seen again until 2025.

Fish
  • Batman River Loach, a loach species not seen since 1970s. Rediscovered in 2021. Batman loach returns: fish feared extinct found in Turkey
  • Black kokanee ( Oncorhynchus nerka kawamurae), a Japanese species of salmon in the family ; believed extinct in 1940 after attempts at conservation seemingly failed. The species was rediscovered in in 2010, having survived after prior conservation efforts had introduced it there.
  • ( Channa amphibeus), a snakehead species last seen in 1933, later rediscovered in 2025
  • Dumbéa River pipefish ( Microphis cruentus), described in 1981 from individuals captured in 1944, not seen until photos of the species were post to in 2020
  • Giant salmon carp ( Aaptosyax grypus), a carp species feared extinct in 2004, rediscovered in 2022
  • Haplochromis microdon, a cichlid species endemic to Lake Victoria, last seen in 1985, rediscovered when two males were found in 2023 and 2024
  • Mesopotamian barbel ( Luciobarbus subquincunciatus), a barbel species last seen in 2012, later rediscovered in 2024
  • ( Coregonus reighardi), a whitefish species last seen in 1985, was rediscovered in 2024 in Lake Superior, where it is not previously known to have lived.

Shark
  • Smoothtooth blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus leiodon), a of requiem shark, in the family ; known only from a specimen caught in 1902, the shark was rediscovered at a fish market in 2008.
  • Pondicherry shark
  • Whitetip weasel shark
  • Flapnose houndshark
  • Ornate sleeper-ray
  • ( Glyphis gangeticus), the world's sole freshwater shark found in the Ganges River and Brahmaputra River in India and Bangladesh; previously only known from three museum specimens caught in the early 19th century, but was rediscovered at a fish market in Mumbai in February 2016.

Amphibians
  • in the family ; last seen in 1893 until it was rediscovered in 2024.
  • American cinchona plantation treefrog ( Isthmohyla rivularis), a rare species of frog in the family ; thought to have become extinct by 1988, until its rediscovery in 2007.
  • ( Litoria lorica), a species of frog in the family ; thought to have gone extinct in 1991 until its rediscovery in 2008.
  • Black jumping salamander ( Ixalotriton niger), a species of salamander in the family ; believed to be extinct, until rediscovered in 2000 and again in 2006 and 2007.
  • Bolivian Cochran frog ( Nymphargus bejaranoi), not seen since 2002, rediscovered in early 2020 in Carrasco National Park.
  • ( Ranoidea booroolongensis)
  • Chalazodes bubble-nest frog ( Philautus chalazodes), a species of frog in the family ; no verifiable reports of this species after 1874 and was presumed extinct until its rediscovery in 2011.
  • Confusing rocket frog ( Ectopoglossus confusus), thought to be extinct in 1989 until it was rediscovered in 2016.
  • ( Atelopus varius) a toad endemic to the Talamancan montane forests, between Costa Rica and Panama.
  • Guttman's Stream frog ( Pulchrana guttmani)
  • Hula painted frog ( Discoglossus nigriventer), the only living member of the genus Latonia; thought to be extinct in the 1950s, until it was rediscovered in 2011.
  • Jackson's climbing salamander (Bolitoglossa jacksoni), only recorded from mid-1970s in , rediscovered in a 2017 expedition.
  • Jambato harlequin frog ( Atelopus ignescens), a species of toad in the family Bufonidae; thought to be extinct since its last recorded sighting in 1988, until its rediscovery in 2016.
  • Large-crested toad ( Incilius cristatus), a critically endangered species of true toad in the family ; thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1999
  • Longnose stubfoot toad ( Atelopus longirostris)
  • Mindo harlequin toad ( Atelopus mindoensis), last seen in in 1989, rediscovered in 2020
  • Molleturo robber frog ( Pristimantis ruidus), last seen in 1922, rediscovered in 2022
  • Northern tinker frog ( Taudactylus rheophilus), a species of frog in the family .
  • Painted frog ( Atelopus ebenoides marinkellei), a species of true toad in the family Bufonidae, believed to be extinct since 1995, until it was rediscovered in 2006.
  • Peru Andes frog ( Noblella peruviana), last seen in 1900, rediscovered in 2014.
  • Rio Santa Rosa salamander (Bolitoglossa digitigrada), a species of salamander in the family . The species hasn't been seen since 1982 and feared extinct until it was rediscovered in 2022.
  • ( Atelopus nahumae), a species of toad in the family Bufonidae; thought to be extinct after there were no sightings after 1992, rediscovered in 2006
  • San Lorenzo stubfoot toad ( Atelopus laetissimus) a species of toad in the family Bufonidae; last seen in 1992, rediscovered in 2006
  • Sambas stream toad ( Ansonia latidisca) in the family ; first discovered in 1924, until its rediscovery in 2011.
  • Starry night toad ( Atelopus arsyecue), not seen for over 30 years until rediscovery in 2019.
  • ( Bufo sumatranus), a species of toad in the family Bufonidae.
  • Telmatobufo venustus, a species of frog in the family Calyptocephalellidae, not seen from 1899 until 1999.
  • Thorius minutissimus, a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae.

Mammals
  • ( Genetta abyssinica), a genet species endemic to Abyssinia, last seen in the 1950s until it was rediscovered in 2016
  • Attenborough's long-beaked echidna ( Zaglossus attenboroughi), echidna species found in Cyclops Mountains of Papua New Guinea; formerly last seen in 1962 and believed to be possibly extinct, until it was recorded again in November 2023.
  • Bavarian pine vole ( Microtus bavaricus), is a vole in the family ; believed extinct in the 1960s, until it was rediscovered in 2000.
  • Black-footed ferret ( Mustela nigripes), a North American species presumed extinct in 1979 until it was rediscovered in 1981. A captive breeding program of the discovered ferrets successfully reintroduced the species into the wild.
  • Brazilian arboreal mouse ( Rhagomys rufescens), a South American rodent species of the family Cricetidae; first described in 1886, was believed to be extinct for over one hundred years.
  • Bouvier's red colobus ( Piliocolobus bouvieri), a species of colobus monkey rediscovered in 2015.
  • Onychogalea fraenata (Bridled nail-tail wallaby, bridled nail-tailed wallaby, bridled nailtail wallaby, bridled wallaby, merrin or flashjack), a vulnerable species of ; thought to be extinct since the last confirmed sighting in 1937, but rediscovered in 1973.
  • ( Equus ferus caballus), previously only known from remains dating back to 3400 BC and , rediscovered in 1965.
    (2025). 9781612126791, Storey Publishing.
  • Zyzomys pedunculatus (known by a variety of names, including central rock rat, central thick-tailed rock-rat, Macdonnell Range rock-rat, Australian native mouse, rat à grosse queue or rata coligorda), a single species of rodent in the family ; thought to be extinct in 1990 and 1994, until a reappearance in 2001 and in 2002, then the species went unrecorded until 2013.
  • ( Atopogale cubana), thought to have been extinct until a live specimen was found in 2003.
  • De Winton's golden mole (Cryptochloris wintoni), last seen in western in 1937 until being rediscovered in 2023.
  • Dinagat bushy-tailed cloud rat, assumed extinct after discovery in 1974, but rediscovered in 2012.
  • Eastern black crested gibbon
  • Egyptian population of ( Crocuta Crocuta), presumed to have been 5000 years ago like most sub-Saharan fauna due to climate change, rediscovered in 2024
  • Fernandina rice rat ( Nesoryzomys fernandinae), thought extinct in 1996 (last seen 1980) but found again in the late 1990s.
  • Gilbert's potoroo ( Potorous gilbertii), extremely rare Australian mammal presumed extinct from the 19th century until 1994.
  • Gould's mouse ( Pseudomys gouldii)
  • ( Martes caurina humboldtensis), subspecies of the thought to be extinct until rediscovered in 1996 on remote camera traps in the Six Rivers National Forest in northern California.
  • Julia Creek dunnart ( Sminthopsis douglasi), thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in the 1990s.
  • Leadbeater's possum ( Gymnobelideus leadbeateri), thought to be extinct until 1965.
  • Machu Picchu arboreal chinchilla rat ( Cuscomys oblativus), believed extinct since the 1400s or 1500s, but rediscovered in 2009 near in .
  • ( Petaurus gracilis), described in 1883 and not formally recorded between 1886 and 1989. An expedition by the Queensland Museum in 1989 found a living population.
  • Miller's langur ( Presbytis canicrus), presumed extinct 2004, rediscovered 2012.
  • New Guinea big-eared bat ( Pharotis imogene), previously, the species was believed to have been extinct since 1890, when it was last spotted. In 2012, researchers realised that a female bat collected near Kamali was a member of this species.
  • New Holland mouse ( Pseudomys novaehollandiae), described by George Waterhouse in 1843, it was re-discovered in Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, north of Sydney, in 1967.
  • Omilteme cottontail ( Sylvilagus insonus), a cottontail rabbit only found in the Mexican state of , previously only known from the specimens collected in 1904, rediscovered in 2025.
  • Philippine naked-backed fruit bat ( Dobsonia chapmani), in 1996 the species was declared extinct by the IUCN, as none had been sighted since 1964, but the bat was rediscovered in 2000.
  • Pinatubo volcano mouse ( Apomys sacobianus)
  • Red-crested tree-rat (Santamartamys rufodorsalis), recorded from two specimens in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta range, in 1898 and 1913; believed extinct until a specimen was photographed in the same location in 2011.
  • Roosevelt's muntjac ( Muntiacus rooseveltorum), it was re-discovered in Xuan Lien Nature Reserve in Vietnam's Thanh Hoa province in 2014.
  • San Quintin kangaroo rat ( Dipodoys gravipes), previously seen in 1986, feared extinct until rediscovery in 2017.
  • Santiago Galápagos mouse ( Nesoryzomys swarthi), thought extinct and last recorded in 1906, but was rediscovered in 1997.
  • Seram long-tailed mosaic-tailed rat ( Melomys fulgens), known from a single specimen collected 1920, but rediscovered in 2022
  • Short-footed Luzon tree rat ( Carpomys melanurus), believed extinct since 1896, but rediscovered in 2008 on in northern .
  • (Galegeeska revoilii), only recorded from specimens from prior to 1968, rediscovered in nearby in 2020.
  • ( Macropus eugenii), the mainland subspecies was presumed extinct from 1925 until genetically matched with invasive wallabies in in 1998.
  • Vietnam mouse-deer ( Tragulus versicolor), last known from a specimen acquired from hunters in 1990, not seen again for nearly 30 years until multiple individuals were sighted with photographs in a 2019 survey of prospective habitat.
  • Woolly flying squirrel ( Eupetaurus cinereus), known only from pelts collected in in the late 19th century, until live specimens were collected in the 1990s.
  • Wimmer's shrew ( Crocidura wimmeri), believed extinct since 1976, but rediscovered in 2012 in Côte d'Ivoire.
  • Yellow-tailed woolly monkey ( Lagothrix flavicauda), first described from furs in 1812, live specimens not discovered until 1926.

Reptiles
  • ( Bitis albanica), rediscovered in 2016.
  • Arakan forest turtle ( Heosemys depressa), last seen in 1908 but found again in 1994.
  • Blyde River flat gecko ( Afroedura rondavelica), first discovered in 1991 in . It was rediscovered in 2025

  • Burmese roofed turtle ( Batagur trivittata), believed to be extinct in the 1990s until its rediscovery in 2001
  • Cropan's boa ( Corallus cropanii), endemic to the endangered ecosystem of Brazil, rediscovered in 2017.
  • El Hierro giant lizard ( Gallotia simonyi), rediscovered in 1974.
  • Fernandina Island Galápagos tortoise ( Chelonoidis phantasticus), only known from a single male specimen in 1906 and putative droppings and bite marks throughout the 20th century up to the 2010s. A female individual was rediscovered on the island on an expedition in 2019 for the show Extinct or Alive.
  • Floreana giant tortoise ( Chelonoidis niger niger), initially driven to extinction by 1850 due to overexploitation and introduction of invasive species. In 2012, several hybrids between the subspecies with Volcán Wolf giant tortoises were discovered on Isabela Island, allowing for a of the subspecies through .
  • Gray's monitor ( Varanus olivaceus), described in 1845, and not seen again by scientists for 130 years.
  • Haensch's whorltail iguana ( Stenocercus haenschi), last seen in 1899, but rediscovered in 2021
  • La Gomera giant lizard ( Gallotia bravoana), rediscovered in 1999.
  • La Palma giant lizard ( Gallotia auaritae), thought to have been extinct since 1500, but rediscovered in 2007.
  • Lyon's snake-eyed skink ( Austroablepharus barrylyoni), thought to have been extinct since 1981, but rediscovered in 2023
  • New Caledonian crested gecko ( Correlophus ciliatus) rediscovered in 1994.
    (2025). 9780974297101, Advanced Vivarium Inc..
  • ( Varanus douarrha), described in 1830, feared extinct until rediscovery in 2017
  • ( Holcosus orcesi), last seen in 1959, but rediscovered in 2021
  • Rio Apaporis caiman
  • Saint Lucia Racer ( Erythrolamprus ornatus), rediscovered in 1973 after not being seen for 37 years.
  • Short-nosed sea snake ( Aipysurus apraefrontalis), rediscovered in 2015, after parting with their original habitat of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands for unknown reasons.
  • Southern river terrapin ( Batagur affinis)
  • ( Phoboscincus bocourti), a 50-cm-long lizard, was previously known from a single specimen captured around 1870 and was long presumed extinct. In 2003, on a tiny islet, it was rediscovered.
  • Voeltzkow's chameleon ( Furcifer voeltzkowi), rediscovered in 2018, having last been seen in 1893
  • Victorian grassland bearded dragon ( Tympanocryptis pinguicolla), feared extinct since 1969, rediscovered in 2023

Birds
  • Anjouan sparrowhawk ( Tachyspiza francesiae pusillus), thought to be extinct by 1965 until it was rediscovered in 2005
  • Antioquia brushfinch ( Atlapetes blancae)
  • ( Eleoscytalopus psychopompus)
  • ( Corvus unicolor), not recorded since 1884/1885, confirmed with a photograph in 2008.
  • Beck's petrel ( Pseudobulweria beckii), not seen between 1929 and 2007.
  • Berlepsch's parotia ( Parotia berlepschi)
  • or "cahow" ( Pterodroma cahow), thought extinct since 1620 until 18 nesting pairs were found in 1951 on an uninhabited rock outcropping in Bermuda. Bermudian David B. Wingate has devoted his life to bringing the birds back, and in the 2011—12 breeding season they passed 100-pairs.
    (2025). 9780807010761, Beacon Press. .
  • Black-browed babbler ( Malacocincla perspicillata)
  • Black-lored waxbill ( Estrilda nigriloris), last seen in 1950, rediscovered in 2023
  • Black-naped pheasant pigeon ( Otidiphaps nobilis insularis), only seen once in 1882 and was only known from artwork and the holotype specimen, rediscovered in 2022 on .
  • Black-tailed cisticola ( Cisticola melanurus), last seen in 2010, rediscovered in 2024
  • Blue-eyed ground dove ( Columbina cyanopis)
  • Bougainville thicketbird ( Cincloramphus llaneae), last documented in 2002, before being rediscovered in 2024
  • Bruijn's brush-turkey ( Aepypodius bruijnii)
  • Cebu flowerpecker ( Dicaeum quadricolor)
  • Chinese crested tern ( Thalasseus bernsteini), feared extinct in the mid-late 20th century for over 6 decades until a small breeding colony was found in 2000.
  • Cone-billed tanager ( Conothraupis mesoleuca), undetected from 1938 to 2003, but rediscovered in gallery forest in Emas National Park.
  • ( Chondrohierax wilsonii), confirmed with a photograph in 2009.
  • Dusky starfrontlet ( Coeligena orina)
  • ( Crossleyia tenebrosa), last documented sighting was in 1999, rediscovered in 2022
  • Edwards's pheasant ( Lophura edwardii), a presumed extinct from 1928 until it was rediscovered in 1998.
  • ( Pseudobulweria macgillivrayi), first rediscovered on land in 1983, and at sea in 2009.
  • ( Heteroglaux blewitti), assumed extinct in the 19th century, but rediscovered in central in 1997.
  • Fuertes's parrot ( Hapalopsittaca fuertesi)
  • Gilliard's Honeyeater ( Vosea whitemanensis), first discovered in 1958, seen again in 1979, only to disappear again until 1999, not seen again until 2023
  • Golden-fronted bowerbird ( Amblyornis flavifrons)
  • Grand Comoro scops-owl ( Otus pauliani)
  • ( Calyptomena viridis), it was declared extinct since 1941 but it was rediscovered on June 27, 2021.
  • Gurney's pitta ( Hydrornis gurneyi)
  • Jerdon's courser ( Rhinoptilus bitorquatus), a from , assumed extinct until 1986.
  • Kaempfer's woodpecker ( Celeus obrieni), a woodpecker feared extinct after no specimen had been found since its discovery in 1926. Rediscovered in 2006.
  • Kākāpō ( Strigops habroptilus)
  • Kangean tit-babbler ( Mixornis prillwitzi), last documented in 2010, rediscovered in 2023
  • Large-billed reed-warbler ( Acrocephalus orinus), a warbler rediscovered in in 2006, previous known only from a specimen collected in in 1867.
  • Long-billed bush warbler ( (Locustella major), last documented in in 1977, rediscovered in 2022.
  • Long-legged warbler ( Trichocichla rufa)
  • Madagascar serpent eagle ( Eutriorchis astur), rediscovered in 1993, sixty years since the previous sighting.
  • Madagascar pochard ( Aythya innotata), thought extinct since 1991 until a small group were spotted in 2006.
  • Manus dwarf kingfisher ( Ceyx dispar), no records of the species from 2002 until 2022.
  • Mayr's honeyeater ( Ptiloprora mayri), last seen in 2008, rediscovered in June of 2023 when a pair was spotted in Cyclops Mountains.
  • ( Lalage conjuncta), last documented in 1979, rediscovered in 2024 and was photographed for the first time.
  • Myanmar Jerdon's babbler ( Chrysomma altirostre altirostre), last seen in 1941, rediscovered in 2015.
  • New Britain goshawk ( Tachyspiza princeps), last documented in 1969, until it was photographed in 2024.
  • New Britain thrush ( Zoothera talaseae), last documented in 1999, rediscovered in 2024 when a single bird tripped a camera trap.
  • New Zealand storm-petrel ( Oceanites maorianus), believed extinct from 1850 but sighted again in 2003.
  • ( Pezoporus occidentalis), extremely rare Australian bird presumed extinct from the 1880s until 1990.
  • ( Atrichornis clamosus)
  • Peruvian solitaire ( Cichlopsis leucogenys peruviana), no documented records after 2013 until its rediscovery in 2024.
  • Rufous-breasted blue flycatcher ( Cyornis camarinensis), rediscovered in 2025 after being feared extinct for 17 years. It is considered one of least documented birds.
  • Rusty thicketbird ( Cincloramphus rubiginosus), last seen in 2009, later rediscovered in 2023.
  • Santa Marta sabrewing ( Campylopterus phainopeplus), last seen in 1946, later rediscovered in 2010 before going missing for another 12 years and was rediscovered in 2022.
  • São Tomé fiscal ( Lanius newtoni)
  • São Tomé grosbeak ( Neospiza concolor)
  • Short-tailed albatross ( Phoebastria albatrus)
  • ( Columba argentina), confirmed photographically in 2008.
  • ( Capito fitzpatricki), formally described in 2012, rediscovered in 2024
  • Stresemann's bristlefront ( Merulaxis stresemanni)
  • Táchira antpitta ( Grallaria chthonia), a antpitta feared extinct since its discovery in 1956, but rediscovered in 2017 in El Tamá National Park.
  • Takahē ( Porphyrio hochstetteri), assumed extinct in 1898 but found again in 1948.
  • Togo yellow-billed barbet ( Trachylaemus goffinii togoensis ), no documented sightings between 2011 and 2022.
  • Unicolored thrush ( Turdus haplochrous), no sightings between 2013 and 2024.
  • ( Coeligena torquata eisenmanni ), last seen in 1967, rediscovered in 2024.
  • White-winged guan ( Penelope albipennis)
  • White-tailed tityra ( Tityra leucura), feared extinct after there were no sightings of the species after 1829, rediscovered almost 200 years later in 2006 near the .
  • Worcester's buttonquail ( Turnix worcesteri)
  • Yellow-crested helmetshrike ( Ognorhynchus icterotis), considered a lost species after not being seen since 2008, rediscovered in 2023 in the Itombwe Mountains.
  • Yellow-eared parrot ( Ognorhynchus icterotis)
  • ( Cyanolimnas cerverai)

Molluscs
  • Discus guerinianus, a Madeiran land snail thought extinct in 1996 but found again in 1999.
  • Greater Bermuda land snail ( Poecilozonites bermudensis), last recorded sighting made in the early 1970s, survey in 1988 and studies in 2000, 2002, and 2004 seemed to confirm extinction, rediscovered in City of Hamilton alleyway in 2014.
  • (recovery pearly mussel)
  • Endodonta christenseni
  • Medionidus walkeri
  • Campanile

Discussions
Because its definition is ambiguous, some, like R. B. Rickards and A. J. Wright, reject the very concept of the Lazarus taxon. Rickards and Wright have questioned the usefulness of the concept, writing in "Lazarus taxa, refugia and relict faunas: evidence from graptolites" that anyone could argue that any gap in the fossil record could potentially be considered a Lazarus effect because the duration required for the Lazarus effect is not defined. They have argued that accurate plotting of biodiversity changes and species abundance through time, coupled with an appraisal of their palaeobiogeography, is more important than using this title to categorize species.

Communication and education
The lack of public engagement around environmental issues has led conservationists to attempt newer communication strategies. One of them is the focus on positive messages, of which Lazarus species are an important part. One conservation outreach project that has focused exclusively on species rediscoveries is the Lost & Found project which aims to tell the stories of species once thought extinct but that were subsequently rediscovered.

See also
  • List of fossil sites (with link directory)
  • Lists of extinct animals
  • List of megafauna discovered in modern times
  • Signor–Lipps effect
  • Transitional fossil

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